![]() ![]() Although initially largely illiterate, they brought with them a vigorous art style, characterized by zoomorphic ornament and INTERLACE patterns. Beginning in the late fourth century, they increasingly settled, or conquered, what had been the western Roman Empire, forming a number of successor states (such as Frankia, ANGLO-SAXON England, Visigothic Spain, and Ostrogothic and Lombardic Italy). The Germanic peoples originated in the Iron Age. ![]() Gauffered pages have tooling (see TOOLED) on their opening edges, usually in the form of an incised design on a gold ground, so that when the book is shut a pattern or device can be seen on the FORE EDGE. Gall can also be used in tanning processes. Tannic and gallic acids contained in gallnuts can be soaked out in water, the gall solution forming the basis of INK. ![]() A swelling, also known as an oak apple, that forms on the bark of an oak tree after it has been stung by an insect laying its eggs. ![]()
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